then this is mapping for ERD above:

1 to N relationship, where one part has a lot of projects, and projects only a part of the property only. In addition, from the ERD will create a new table is a work table. The table is because the relationship between the employee entity where the project entitiy M to N, so create a new table.

1NF
-Eliminate duplicative columns from the same table.
-Create separate tables for each group of related data and identify each row with a unique column or set of columns (the primary key).

2NF
-Meet all the requirements of the first normal form.
-Remove subsets of data that apply to multiple rows of a table and place them in separate tables.
-Create relationships between these new tables and their predecessors through the use of foreign key( a field in a relational table that matches the primary key column of another table. The foreign key can be used to cross-reference tables) .

3NF
-Meet all the requirements of the second normal form.
-Remove columns that are not dependent upon the primary key.

refrensi:
http://databases.about.com/od/specificproducts/a/normalization.htm
ER Ngurah Agus Sanjaya. Slide Part 6 – NORMALISASI

Database normalization (1)
• normalization process is the establishment of the database structure so that most of the ambiguity can be removed.
Goal normalization
- To reduce the complexity.
- To facilitate modification data.
• The process of normalization
- The data described in the form of a table, further analyzed based on specific requirements to some level.
- When a table has not been tested to meet specific requirements, the table must be parsed into a simple table to the form of the optimal

• The normalization stage starting from the light (1NF) to most stringent (5NF):
Form No Normal
The recurrence group
First Normal Form (1NF)
The dependence of part
Second Normal Form (2NF)
Eliminate transitive dependencies
Third Normal Form (3NF)
The anomaly-anomaly results from the functional dependence Normal Form of Boyce-Codd (BCNF) Eliminate dependence Multivalue
Fourth Normal Form (4NF)
The anomaly-anomaly remains
Fifth Normal Form (5NF)
• Usually only up to the level of 3NF or BCNF because already sufficient to generate the table-a table of good quality.

Database normalization (2)
• Why do normalization?
- Optimization table structures
- Increase the speed
- Eliminate income data the same
- More efficient use of storage media
- Reduce redundancy
- Avoiding anomalies (insertion anomalies, deletion anomalies, update anomalies).
- Improved data integrity
Database normalization (3)
• A table said good (efficient) or if the normal 3 to meet the following criteria:
- If there is decomposition (decomposition) table, it must be guaranteed safe dekomposisinya (Lossless-Join Decomposition). That is, after the table is described / didekomposisi a new table-table, the table-table can generate a new table with the same exact.
- Maintain the functional dependence on the change data (Dependency preservation).
- No violate Boyce-Code Normal Form (BCNF)
• If the three criteria (BCNF) can not be met, then at least the table does not violate the Normal Form of the third stage (3rd Normal Form / 3NF).

Functional Dependency (1)
• Functional Dependency attributes describe the relationship in a relationship
• An attribute said functionally dependant on the other, if we use the value attribute to determine the value of the other attributes.
• The symbol that is used to represent à functional dependency.
à reads determine the functional

Functional Dependency (2)
• notation: A à B
A and B are attributes of a table. A means of determining the functional B or B depends on A, if and only if there are 2 rows of data with the same value of A, then B is also the same value
• notation: A à B or B A xa
It is the opposite of the previous notation.

Functional DEPENDENCY (FD)
• Example:

Functional Dependency:

• NRP à Name
• Mata_Kuliah, NRP à Value
Non Functional Dependency:
• Mata_Kuliah à NRP
NRP à Value

Functional Dependency (4)
• Functional Dependency of the table value
- À Nrp Name
Because for each value Nrp the same, then the value of the same name
- (Mata_kuliah, NRP) à Value
Because the value of attributes depending on the NRP and Mata_kuliah together. In another sense Mata_kuliah for the NRP and the same, they also rated the same, because Mata_kuliah and the NRP is a key (is unique).
- Mata_kuliah à NRP
- NRP à Value

FIRST NORMAL FORM (First Normal Form – 1NF)
A table on the form said to be normal if I did not reside in the unnormalized form of a table, where there is a kind of field multiplication and field that allows a null (empty)
Not the diperboleh:
• Attribute values, many (Multivalued attributes).
• Attribute a composite or a combination of both.
So:
• Price is the domain attribute must be atomic rates

• Ex Student Data as follows:

Or

• Table-top table in the not eligible 1NF
Example (2)
• decomposition becomes:
• Student Table:

• Table Hobbies:

Second NORMAL FORM (Second Normal Form – 2NF) (1)

• The form of normal 2NF met in a table if it meets the form of 1NF, and all the attributes than the primary key, have a full Functional Dependency on primary key
• A table does not meet 2NF, if there are attributes that ketergantungannya (Functional Dependency) are only partial (only depending on the part of the primary key)
• If there are attributes that have no dependence on the primary key, then the attributes must be moved or removed

Second NORMAL FORM (Second Normal Form – 2NF) (2)
• functional dependence X à Y if it is said of a remove attribute A from X means that Y is no longer dependent functional.
• functional dependence X à Y if it is said partial delete an attribute A from X means that Y is functionally dependent.
• The scheme in the form of the relation R 2NF if every non-primary key attribute A Î R depend on the full primary key fungsioanl R.

Example (1)
The following table meet 1NF, 2NF, including but not

Example (2)
• Not meet 2NF, because (NIM, KodeMk) is regarded as the primary key:
(NIM, KodeMk) à NamaMhs
NIM (,) à KodeMk Address
(NIM, KodeMk) à Matakuliah
(NIM, KodeMk) à SKS
(NIM, KodeMk) à NilaiHuruf
• The table should be a few tables didekomposisi eligible 2NF

Example (3)
• Functional dependencynya as follows:
- (NIM, KodeMk) à NilaiHuruf (fd1)
- NIM à (NamaMhs, Address) (fd2)
- KodeMk à (Matakuliah, SKS) (fd3)
• So that:
- Fd1 (NIM, KodeMk, NilaiHuruf) à Table Value
- Fd2 (NIM, NamaMhs, Address) à Table Student
- Fd3 (KodeMk, Matakuliah, SKS) Table à MataKuliah

NORMAL FORM Third (Third Normal Form – 3NF) (1)
• The form of normal 3NF has been met if the form meets 2NF, and if there are no non-primary key attribute that has a dependence on non-primary key attributes of the other (transitive dependencies).

Example (1)
• Table the following students qualified 2NF, 3NF, but does not meet

• Because there are non-primary key attribute (ie, City and Provincial), which has a dependence on non-primary key attributes of the other (ie KodePos):
KodePos à (City, Province)

Example (2)
• So that the table should be didekomposisi:
• Students (NIM, NamaMhs, Road, KodePos)
- KodePos (KodePos, Province, City)

• Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BNCF)
Boyce-Codd Normal Form constraint has a stronger form of the Normal third. To be BNCF, relations must be in the form of Normal Kesatu and forced each of the attributes depends on the function in the super key attributes.
In the example below there is a relationship seminar, is the Primary Key NPM + Seminar.
Students may take one or two seminars. Each seminar requires 2 each of the students and led by one of the 2 seminar. Each leader can only take one seminar course. NPM in this example and show a Seminar Pembimbing.

Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BNCF)

Relations Seminar is a form of Third Normal, but not BCNF
Seminar Code because the function depends on the Pembimbing, if any Pembimbing can only teach a seminar. Seminar depend on one key attribute is not as super disayaratakan by BCNF. So
Seminar relations must be parsed into two namely:

Normal form of the fourth and fifth
• Relations in fourth normal form (NF 4) if the relation in BCNF and dependency tdak contain many values. To remove the dependency of many values from a relation, we divide the relationship into two new relations. Each relation contains two attributes that have a lot of relationship value.
• Relations in fifth normal form (5NF) deal with the property called the join without any loss of information (lossless join). Fifth normal form (also called the 5 NF PJNF (projection join normal form). The case is very rare and appear difficult to detect in practice.

DEFINISI DARI DATA BASE

Koleksi dari data-data yang terorganisasi dengan cara sedemikian rupa sehingga data mudah disimpan dan dimanipulasi(diperbaharui, dicari dan diolah dengan perhitungan-perhitungan tertentu, serta dihapus) sehingga mampu menyediakan informasi yang optimal diperlukan pemakainya.

Basis data adalah Sekumpulan data yang tersimpan dalam magnetic disk, optical disk atau penyimpanan sekunder lainnya

§ Perusahaan manufaktur -data perencanaan produksi, data produksi aktual, data pemesanan material, dll

§ Rumah sakit -data pasien, dokter, perawat, dll

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

· Kumpulan/gabungan database dengan perangkat lunak aplikasi yang berbasis database

· Program-program aplikasi ini digunakan untuk mengakses dan memelihara database

· Tujuan utama DBMS adalah menyediakan suatu lingkungan yang mudah dan efisien untuk penggunaan, penarikan dan penyimpanan data dan informasi

BIT, BYTE, FIELD

· Bit à merupakan bagian data terkecil yang berisi nilai 0 atau 1

· Byte à kumpulan dari bit-bit yang sejenis

· Field à sekumpulan byte-byte yang sejenis, dalam basis data digunakan istilah atribut

NIM	NAMA	ALAMAT
9455500001	ABDULLAH	BENDA RAYA NO 4
9455500002	AMINAH	CILEDUG TENGAH NO 4
9455500003	BUDIMAN	HALIMUN NO 7

ATRIBUT/FIELD

· Merupakan sifat atau karakteristik dari suatu entitas yang menyediakan menyediakan penjelasan detail tentang entitas tersebut

· Suatu relasi juga dapat memiliki atribut

· Contoh atribut:

MAHASISWA: NIM, NAMA, ALAMAT

MOBIL: NOMOR_PLAT, WARNA, JENIS, CC

TIPE-TIPE ATRIBUT

· Single vs multivalue

· Single - hanya bisa diisi paling banyak satu nilai

· Multivalue - bisa diisi dengan lebih dari satu nilai dengan jenis yang sama

· Atomic vs komposisi

· Atomic - tidak dapat dibagi ke dalam atribut yang lebih kecil

· Komposisi à merupakan gabungan dari beberapa atribut yang lebih kecil

TIPE-TIPE ATRIBUT (2)

· Derived Attribute

– atribut yang nilainya dapat dihasilkan dari nilai atribut lain, misal - umur yang dihasilkan dari atribut tanggal lahir

· Null Value Attribute

– Atribut yang tidak memiliki nilai untuk suatu record

· Mandatory Value Attribute

– Atribut yang harus memiliki nilai

RECORD/TUPLE

· Merupakan suatu baris data dalam suatu relasi

· Terdiri dari kumpulan atribut-atribut dimana atribut-atribut tersebut saling berhubungan untuk menginformasikan entitas/relasi secara lengkap

ENTITAS/FILE

Entitas “sesuatu” atau “obyek” di dunia nyata yang dapat dibedakan dari “sesuatu” atau “obyek” yang lainnya. Entitas pada umumnya memiliki sejumlah property dimana property ini dapat digunakan untuk membedakan suatu entitas dengan entitas lainnya. Property ini kemudian disebut sebagai atribut dari entitas tersebut.

· File merupakan kumpulan dari record yang sejenis dan mempunyai elemen yang sama, atribut sama namun berbeda-beda data valuenya.

· Tipe File

Dalam pemrosesan aplikasi, file dapat dikatagorikan sbb:

– File Induk

– File Transaksi

– File Laporan

– File Sejarah

– File Pelindung

– File Kerja

DOMAIN

· Domain merupakan kumpulan dari nilai-nilai yang diperbolehkan untuk berada dalam satu atau lebih atribut. Setiap atribut dalam suatu basis data relasional didefinisikan sebagai suatu domain

KUNCI ELEMEN DATA

· Key adalah elemen record yang dipakai untuk menemukan record tersebut pada waktu akses atau bisa juga digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi setiap entity/record/baris.

JENIS-JENIS KEY

· Superkey merupakan satu atau lebih atribut dari suatu tabel yang dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi entityty/record dari tabel secara unik (tidak semua atribut dapat menjadi superkey)

· Cadidate Key adalah super key dengan atribut minimal. Candidate key tidak boleh berisi atribut dari tabel yang lain sehingga candidate key sudah pasti superkey namun belum tentu sebaliknya.

· Primary Key

Salah satu atribut dari candidate key dapat dipilih/ditentukan menjadi primary key dengan tiga kriteria sbb:

1. Key tersebut lebih natural untuk digunakan sebagai acuan

2. Key tersebut lebih sederhana

3. Key tersebut terjamin keunikannya

JENIS-JENIS KEY (2)

· Alternate Key adalah atribut dari candidate key yang tidak terpilih menjadi primary key.

· Foreign Key merupakan sembarang atribut yang menunjuk kepada primary key pada tabel yang lain. Foreign key akan terjadi pada suatu relasi yang memiliki kardinalitas one to many (satu ke banyak) atau many to many (banyak ke banyak). Foreign key biasanya selalu diletakkan pada tabel yang mengarah ke banyak.

· External Key merupakan suatu lexical atribut (atau himpunan lexical atribut) yang nilai-nilainya selalu mengidentifikasi satu object instance.

ERD (ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM)

· ERD adalah suatu model jaringan yang menggunakan susunan kata yang disimpan dalam sistem secara abstrak.

· Perbedaan antara DFD dan ERD

ü DFD merupakan suatu model jaringan fungsi yang akan dilaksanakan oleh sistem

ü ERD merupakan model jaringan data yang menekankan pada struktur dan relationship data

ELEMEN-ELEMEN ERD

· ENTITY

Pada ER Diagram Entity digambarkan dengan bentuk persegi panjang. Rntity adalah sesuatu yang ada dalam sistem nyata maupun abstrak dimana data tersimpan atau dimana terdapat data.

· Relationship

Pada ER Diagram relationship dapat digambarkan dengan sebuah bentuk belah ketupat. Relationship adalah hubungan alamiah yang terjadi antara entitas. Pada umumnya diberi nama dengan kata kerja dasar sehingga memudahkan untuk melakukan pembacaan relasinya.

· Relationship Degree

adalah jumlah entitas yang berpartisipasi dalam satu relationship. Derajat yang sering dipakai dalam ERD.

· Atribut

adalah sifat atau karakteristik dari tiap entitas maupun relationship

· Kardinalitas

menunjukkan jumlah maksimum tupel yang dapat berelasi dengan entitas pada entitas yang lain

• Derajat relationship

· Unary Relationship

adalah model relationship yang terjadi antara entity yang berasal dari entity set yang sama.

· Binary Relationship

adalah model relationship yang terjadi antara 2 entitas.

· Ternary Relationship

merupakan relationship antara instance dari 3 tipe entitas secara sepihak.

Derajat relationship

· Unary Relationship

adalah model relationship yang terjadi antara entity yang berasal dari entity set yang sama.

· Binary Relationship

adalah model relationship yang terjadi antara 2 entitas.

· Ternary Relationship

merupakan relationship antara instance dari 3 tipe entitas

KARDINALITAS

Terdapat 3 kardinalitas relasi yaitu

– One to One : Tingkat hubungan satu ke satu dinyatakan dengan satu kejadian pada entitas pertama, hanya mempunyai satu hubungan dengan satu kejadian pada entitas yang kedua dan sebaliknya.

– One to Many atau Many to One : Tingkat hubungan satu ke banyak adalah sama dengan banyak ke satu tergantung dari arah mana hubungan tersebut dilihat.Untuk satu kejadian pada entitas pertama dapat mempunyai banyaj hubungan dengan kejadian pada entitas yang kedua, jika sebaliknya satu kejadian pada entitas yang kedua hanya dapat mempunyai hubugan dengan satu kejadian pada entitas yang pertama.

– Many To Many : terjadi jika setiap kejadian pada sebuah entitas mempunyai banyaj hubungan dengan kejadian pada entitas lainnya.

NOTASI (DIAGRAM E-R)

Notasi simbolik dalam diagram ER adalah

1. Persegi panjang menyatakan himpunan entitas

2. Lingkaran menyatakan atribut

3. Belah Ketupat menyakatan himpunan relasi

4. Garis sebagai penghubung antara himpunan relasi dengan himpunan entitas dan Himpunan Entitas dengan atributnya

]]> http://gedon44.wordpress.com/2009/04/19/basis-data-dan-er-diagram/feed/ 0 gedon44 http://gedon44.wordpress.com/2009/04/05/quiz-dfd/ http://gedon44.wordpress.com/2009/04/05/quiz-dfd/#comments Sun, 05 Apr 2009 13:29:08 +0000 gedon44 http://gedon44.wordpress.com/2009/04/05/quiz-dfd/ ]]> DATA FLOW DIAGRAM
Data flow diagram (DFD) is a picture of the movement of data between external entities and the processes and data stores within a system
Data flow diagram describe system distribution into smaller module,easy to understand the system for less computer knowledge user
Context Diagram
A data flow diagram (DFD) of the scope of an organizational system that shows the system boundaries, external entities that interact with the system and the major information flows between the entities and the system
• consist of one process and describe scope from a system
• highest level from DFD that describe entire input to system and outpur from system
• system is limitted by boundary (described by broken offs line)
• there may not be any storage
several things that must be consider in drawing Context Diagram;
• System Terminology:
• system limit is limits between “importance sistem area”.
• system environment are everything that connected or give influence for system.
• interfaces is flow that connect a system with system environtment.

• use one process simbol, Note:
• information processing activity (system limit).information activity are take data from file, data transformation, or do filing data, for example prepares document, put in document, investigate, clasify, regulate, sort, count, abstracting data, and do filing data (both for doing manual to otomatic.
• name/explanation at process simbol as according to system function,
• between entitas external entity/minator direct communication is not permitted
• if found termintor that has many inputs and product, permitted to described more than one so that prevent depiction too complex, with give asterisk sign () or cross line ().
• if minator represent individual (staff) best represented by character that staff self.
• data flow as input or outpu process have different eksplanation

Level-O Diagram
A data flow diagram (DFD) that represents a system’s major processes, data flows and data stores at a high level of detail
• describe process of dfd
• give opinion according to comprehensive hit system that handled, show function or principal process, data current and eskternal entity
• in level this maked data existence storage
• for process is not detailed again in level furthermore so added simbol ‘*’ or ‘p’ by the end of process number
• balance input and output (balancing) between diagram 0 with context diagram must be taked care
•

Detail Diagram :
• be diagram that elaborate what process is there in diagram zero or level at on it
• numberization level in dfd:
Level Name Diagram Name Proses Number
0 Context
1 Diagram 0 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, …
2 Diagram 1.0 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, …
3 Diagram 1.1 1.1.1, 1.1.2, …

• in one level best not found more than 7 process and maximal 9, So there are more dekomposition
• Every process on DFD must have spesification process
• in top level method that used to describe process can by using descriptive sentence
• in level detailer that is in process most under (functional primitive) need spesification structureder
• process spesification will be guide for programmer to make program (coding)
• method that used in process spesification: process explanation in the form of story, decision table, decision tree
Eksternal Entity
• something that beyond system, but it gives data into system or give data from system
• symbolized with notation box
• external entity doesn’t belong part from system
• Nomenclature:
o terminal name shaped noun
o terminal may not has name same except the object really same
Rule: Eksternal Entity
 External people, systems and data stores
 Reside outside the system, but interact with system
 Either a) receive info from system, b) trigger system into motion, or c) provide new information to system
 e.g. Customers, managers
 Not clerks or other staff who simply move data
 Must be connected to a process by a data flow

DATA FLOW
• become place for currences information
• described with straight line that connect component from system
• data current is showed with arrow direction and line is given name on data current that flow
• data current flows between process, data storage and show data current from data shaped input to system
data current example as input to system shaped like;
a. form atatu document that used at company
b. Handout printed that produced by system
c. input to computer
d. pronunciation communication
e. data transmission from a computer to computer other

DATA FLOW (2)
• naming guide:
o data current name that consist of several word currents relateds with line continues
o there may not be any data current the name same and name gift must reflect its contents
o data current that consist of several elements can be declared with element group
o void using word ‘data’ and ‘information’ to give name in data current
o data current name must written complete
DATA FLOW (3)
• Other Rules:
o data current name that come into a process may not equal to secretory data current name from process
o data flow that step into or out from data storage unnecessary given name if:
 Data flow is simple and easy to understand
 Data Flow describe all data item
 there may not be any data current from terminal to data storage or on the contrary because terminal not part from system, terminal connection with data storage must pass process Rule: ARUS DATA
 Data in motion, moving from one place to another in the system
 From external entity (source) to system
 From system to external entity (sink)
 From internal symbol to internal symbol, but always either start or end at a process

PROCESS
• process is what done by system
• process can cultivate data or data current enters to be data current out
• process functioneds transformate one or several input datas become one or several product datas as according to desirable spesification
• every process has one or several inputs with produce one or several products
• Process vary called bubble
PROCESS (2)
• Naming Rules for process:
o process name consists of verb and noun that reflect process function
o don’t use process word as part from name a bubble
o there may not be any several process that has names same
o process must be given number. sequence number may be follow current or sequence process, but such sequence meaningless number absolutely is sequence process chronologically
DATA STORAGE
• data storage is existing data repository in system that can be in the form of as follows this.
• file or database at system computer.
• archives or note manual.
• data place box at somebody table.
• reference table manual.
• agenda or book.
o symbolized with a pair parallel line or two lines with one sides opened
o on the picture D1 is symbol storage media as does book or archives, while students stored data name.
• process can take or give data to database
• Naming rule:
o name must reflect data storage
o when does the name more than one word so be must be given sign continue
Rule: Data Store
 Internal to the system
 Data at rest
 Include in system if the system processes transform the data
 Store, Add, Delete, Update
 Every data store on DFD should correspond to an entity on an ERD
 Data stores can come in many forms:
 Hanging file folders
 Computer-based files
 Notebooks
 Must have at least one incoming and one outgoing data flow

SIMBOL DFD

Data Dictionary
• functioned to help system executant to interpret application in detail and organize all data element that used system according to exactly so that user and has base explanation same about input, product, storage and process
• in analysis stage, data dictionary is used as a means of communication between system analyst with user
• in system planning stage, data dictionary is used to design input, report and database
• Data current in DFD was global, detail explanation visible in data dictionary
KAMUS DATA (2)
• data dictionary contains the followings:
o data current name: must be registerred so that reader that need furthermore explanation about a data current can look for easily
o alias: alias or other name from data can be written if (there are) any
o data form: used to group data dictionary into its use when system planning
o data current: show from which data flows and where does data aim
o explanation: give explanation about meaning from data current
BALANCING DFD
• current data that come into and out from one process must equal to current data that comes into and out from process details in level/stage at under it
• data flow name that come into and out from one process must equal to data flow name that enters to and out from process details
• total and name entity outside from a process must equal to total and name entity outside from process details
• matters that must be considering in dfd that has more than one level:
o must found balance input and output between one level and level next
o balance between level 0 and level 1 seen in input/output from data current to or from terminal in level 0, while balance between level 1 and level 2 seen in input/output from data current to/from process concerned
o current data name, data storage and terminal in every level must same if the object same
Prohibition in DFD
• data flow may not from outside entity direct aim to another outside entity without pass a process
• data flow may not from data savings direct aim to outside entity without pass a process
• data flow may not from data savings direct aim to another data savings without pass a process
• data flow from one process direct aims to another process without pass a data savings may avoided

WHAT IS SYSTEM?

There are two approaching to definition of system:

1. Definition of system based on approach of procedure

According to this approach, system interpreted by as a working network from procedures which is interaction and work along to finish a specific-purpose or goal. A procedure is a correct sequences of instruction steps explaining what have to be done, who have to do, when have to be done and how to do that.

2. Definition of system based on approach of element

According to this approach the definition of system is a set of elements which is have interaction to reach specific-purpose or goal.

CHARACTERISTIC OF SYSTEM

Characteristic a system can be explained as follows:

1. Components

Consist of a number of components which interact, what each other working along to form an unity. The example is Supra System that is a larger ones system.

2. Boundary

A system has a boundary to limiting system with environmental or other system outside its.

3. Environments

Environment is a media link between a subsystem with other subsystem.

4. Input

Entered energy into system can in the form of treatment input and signal input. The treatment input is entered energy system to can walk. While signal input is energy which in process to yield output.

5. Output

The result from processed energy and classified is become an output which good for and rest of dismissal.

6. Process

Process is the change an input become output.

7. Target (objective)/goal

Otherwise have the target then system operation there will be no utilizing of. The system is told succeed if it has reach the target/its goal.

The Classification Of System
a. Deterministic System
The Certain system operate with behaviour which have earned can be predicted, interaction between its sharess can be detected categorically so that its output can be forecasted. for example of : Computer programe, executing precisely as according to its instruction network. System of pay, and others.
b. Probabilistic System
The System which is input and its process can be defined, but yielded output cannot be determined categorically; ( always there is a little mistake / deviation to forecast of the way system). for Example : marketing system)
c. Open System
The system that relation and effect external environment .This system accept input and yield output for external environment / the other sub system, so that have good operation system. This system tend to measure up to adaptation, can adapt to its environment so that can continue its.
d. Closed System
The System Physical where the process that happened do not experience of transfer of items, information or energy with environment outside system. This system work automatically without existence of interfere in of external side of it.
e. Relatively Closed System
The closed System but doesn’t closed at all to accept other influences. This system in its operation can accept influence from outside which have been defined in certain boundarys.
f. Artificial System
The System imitating occurence in system. This system is formed pursuant to occurence in nature where human being unable to do it. Equally imitat exist in nature.
g. Natural System
The natural System is occurence in nature. for Example of : sea, solar system and others.
h. Manned System
The System explanations of behaviour covering human being taking part in. This system can be depicted in way of as follows:
The System of Human being focus the relations between human being
The System of Human being – Machine, System which involve machine to a target
The Machine System, automatic system where human being have duty to start and finish system, meanwhile human being entangled also to monitor system.

Information
Data is fact. Information is data that processed become better form and more meaning to accept it. If data is not useful to accept it so the data cannot be referred as by information.

QUALITY OF INFORMATION

To get information with quality, then information must have:

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Accurately

Information free from mistakes and doesn’t deflect or mislead
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Punctually

Incoming information at receiver may not lose time
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Relevantly

Information is have benefit for its usage.

Information will be valuable if big added significance of expense get it